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Using /opt with System Extensions

By default, Kairos does not include /opt as a system extension (sysext) overlay hierarchy. This is because in normal runtime, /opt is writable and bind-mounted to the persistent partition, allowing users and applications to freely write data that persists across reboots.

However, when a system extension is loaded that includes a /opt hierarchy, the behavior of that directory changes: it becomes read-only, overridden by the overlay from the system extension image. This is a consequence of how systemd-sysext currently operates and reflects a known upstream limitation.

Why `/opt` Might Be Needed

If your use case includes deploying system extensions that provide optional software, plugins, or third-party tools installed under /opt, you might need to explicitly enable /opt as a supported hierarchy for sysext overlays.

This can be done by configuring the environment variable SYSTEMD_SYSEXT_HIERARCHIES to include /opt, and ensuring that the systemd-sysext service uses this setting both at runtime and in the initramfs phase.

⚠️

Once /opt is included in the sysext overlay, the directory becomes read-only as soon as any system extension mounts a /opt subtree. This can break applications or scripts expecting to write to /opt.

As of systemd 255, there is no way to mark overlay hierarchies as mutable. However, upstream efforts are underway to address this in systemd 256 and beyond, allowing finer control over the mutability of sysext mount points.

Enabling `/opt` in System Extensions: Cloud-Init Configuration

To allow system extensions to provide content under /opt, you can modify the systemd-sysext configuration using Kairos cloud config.

Below is an example cloud-init YAML you can embed in your OEM configuration or custom image. It ensures that /opt is registered as a sysext hierarchy both in normal and Trusted Boot installations. In here we are overriding the existing files to include the /opt directory in the SYSTEMD_SYSEXT_HIERARCHIES environment variable that Kairos sets by default.

name: "sysext using /opt"
stages:
  initramfs.after:
    - name: "systemd-sysext uki config"
      if: '[ -e "/run/cos/uki_boot_mode" ] && [ ! -e "/run/cos/recovery_mode" ] && [ ! -e "/run/cos/autoreset_mode" ]'
      files:
        - path: /etc/systemd/system/systemd-sysext.service.d/kairos-uki.conf
          permissions: 0644
          owner: 0
          group: 0
          content: |
            [Service]
            TimeoutStartSec=10
            ExecStart=
            ExecStart=systemd-sysext refresh --image-policy="root=verity+signed+absent:usr=verity+signed+absent"
            ExecReload=
            ExecReload=systemd-sysext refresh --image-policy="root=verity+signed+absent:usr=verity+signed+absent"
            Environment="SYSTEMD_SYSEXT_HIERARCHIES=/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/include:/usr/local/lib:/usr/local/share:/usr/local/src:/usr/bin:/usr/share:/usr/lib:/usr/include:/usr/src:/usr/sbin:/opt"
            [Unit]
            JobRunningTimeoutSec=5            

    - name: "systemd-sysext config"
      if: '[ ! -e "/run/cos/uki_boot_mode" ] && [ ! -e "/run/cos/recovery_mode" ] && [ ! -e "/run/cos/autoreset_mode" ]'
      files:
        - path: /etc/systemd/system/systemd-sysext.service.d/kairos.conf
          permissions: 0644
          owner: 0
          group: 0
          content: |
            [Service]
            TimeoutStartSec=10
            ExecStart=
            ExecStart=systemd-sysext refresh --image-policy="root=verity+absent:usr=verity+absent"
            ExecReload=
            ExecReload=systemd-sysext refresh --image-policy="root=verity+absent:usr=verity+absent"
            Environment="SYSTEMD_SYSEXT_HIERARCHIES=/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/include:/usr/local/lib:/usr/local/share:/usr/local/src:/usr/bin:/usr/share:/usr/lib:/usr/include:/usr/src:/usr/sbin:/opt"
            [Unit]
            JobRunningTimeoutSec=5            

    - name: "systemd-sysext set hierarchy system-wide"
      if: '[ ! -e "/run/cos/recovery_mode" ] && [ ! -e "/run/cos/autoreset_mode" ]'
      files:
        - path: /etc/profile.d/systemd-sysext.sh
          permissions: 0644
          owner: 0
          group: 0
          content: |
            export SYSTEMD_SYSEXT_HIERARCHIES="/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/include:/usr/local/lib:/usr/local/share:/usr/local/src:/usr/bin:/usr/share:/usr/lib:/usr/include:/usr/src:/usr/sbin:/opt"            

    - name: "systemd-sysext initramfs settings"
      if: '[ -e "/sbin/systemctl" ] || [ -e "/usr/bin/systemctl" ] || [ -e "/usr/sbin/systemctl" ] || [ -e "/bin/systemctl" ]'
      systemctl:
        enable:
          - systemd-sysext

Last modified June 2, 2025: Expand on how to use /opt for sysext (#411) (8318769)

Using /opt with System Extensions